From DIYinfo.org
Cast butt hinge
Doors are usually hung with butt hinges - two rectangular leaves joined by a pin running through an interlocking knuckle. Butt hinges which are designed for heavy exterior doors, are made of cast iron, and are either 75mm or 100mm long.
The centre of the knuckle is fitted in line with the face of door and frame.
Cranked butt hinge
A version of the cast butt hinge made of pressed steel. It is cheaper but not so strong, so should not be used to fix heavy exterior doors. When fitted, the whole of the large knuckle projects from the face of the door and the frame.
Rising butt hinge
When a door opens onto a carpet, rising butt hinges are an alternative to cutting a strip off the bottom of the door. The spiral in the knuckle of the hinge lifts the door as it opens, and also tends to close it. And the door can easily be lifted off the hinges.
The usual sizes are 75mm and 100mm. The hinges are sold for both right-hand and left-hand hanging.
Parliament hinge
These are butt hinges with projecting knuckles, which enable an open door to swing clear of the surrounding frame.
They are made of steel or brass, in sizes of 100mm x 100mm, 100mm x 125mm and 100mm x 150mm. This measurement is when the door is swung open.
Loose-pin butt hinge
The pin can be withdrawn to separate the leaves, and remove the door easily, perhaps when laying a floor covering. Decorative finials may be fitted at the top and bottom, and are unscrewed to release the pin. The hinges are usually made of brass.
T-hinge
This old-fashioned type of hinge is used mainly for garage and shed doors, but is sometimes fitted to cottage-style house doors. It is screwed to the surface of the back of the door and the frame.